The art of painting also flourished under Mongol rule. One of the greatest painters of the Yuan Dynasty, Zhao Mengfu, received a court position from Khubilai Khan, and along with Zhao's wife Guan Daosheng, who was also a painter, Zhao received much support and encouragement from the Mongols. Khubilai was also a patron to many other Chinese painters (Liu Guandao was another), as well as artisans working in ceramics and fine textiles. In fact, the status of artisans in China was generally improved during the Mongols' reign. “When the Mongols invaded China and took over the Song court, they abolished the Imperial Academy of Painting (established during the Northern Song dynasty under Emperor Huizong). Instead, Kublai Khan and his successors appointed and organized skilled artisans into new court agencies responsible for the arts and manufacture of imperial objects. Unsurprisingly, during Kublai’s reign, these agencies were overseen by a foreigner, the Nepali artist Anige. Anige was responsible for the construction and design of many Buddhist stupas, temples, paintings and sculpture under Kublai, who had a deep interest in Buddhism”" Art under the Mongols – Smarthistory
Week 3: Language and Gender Roles
Language: "To answer question one I found that the Mongol language, also called Mongolian language, uses the Mongolian alphabet. It is a writing system that has 26 letters, 7 vowels and 17 consonants. It is written vertically left to right and the letters have different forms depending on their position; it is still being used to this day. If I were to compare English to their language it would be dramatically different as they have L harmony in a complex SYLLABIC structure compared to the other Mongolian language if the structure allows. There is a written language. What I can do about the culture is they are very well-versed in both verbal and physical within their writing and they’re able to identify symbols and use vowels and other key pieces in order to put together a functioning piece that works." Mongolian alphabet | Language & History | Britannica
Gender Roles: It looks like the society only had two genders. There is only information on whether looking at "women compared to other civilizations at the time they had more flexibility and were able to live a little bit more comfortably than their peers. there is evidence of during a part of the Mongol rule near Genghis Kong he did put homosexual acts that were punishable by death. The average role in the society Women were riding horseback fighting in battles tending the herds and influencing men on important decisions for the empire unfortunately they were still not is considered as important in the hierarchy of fathers husbands and brothers women raised the girls made the clothes take care of any animals made cheese cook the food.women did raise children together The men focused on hunting training the young children and gathering valuable resources the children did not attend school they learned from their families the role of men and women Mongol children had many pieces of culture just as others for instance toys and other knickknacks." Mongol Women and their Social Roles - History (historyonthenet.com)
The only negative repercussions that I could find is well women did participating quite a handful of things they did seems stuck behind men within general even their sons had more value and the male dominated culture than any of them meaning they were women did contribute they would miss out on history and all of the actual negatives and implications of daily life for being a Mongol as a woman many of which we can read about but we can never truly understand ourselves. Mongol Women and their Social Roles - History (historyonthenet.com)
Men and women raised their children together. Children of the Mongols did not attend a school; rather they learned from their families the roles and work of men and women. Mongol children had toys and played games, much as children of any culture.
The biology when compared to the cultural structure of the two genders would end up pointing out that men perceive themselves to be more dominant and stronger and more able to actually maintain the family structure of the higher key of being able to retrieve resources and well sometimes yes women would be participating within the others they would not go to his far and extends and they would not have the final say when putting together the Mongol society as a collective.
After Reading The Blessed Curse our protagonist would face many challenges along the way
and many Would not accept them. "Lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) people in
Mongolia may face legal and social challenges not experienced by non-LGBT people, though
There have been substantial improvements since the 1990s. Homosexuality was criminalised in
Mongolia in 1961 through its Criminal Code. Following the Mongolian Revolution of 1990 after
which it made a peaceful transition to a democracy, homosexuality was legalised and awareness
about LGBT people have become more prevalent. Hate crimes on the basis of sexual orientation
and gender identity result in additional legal penalties and hate speech based on these
two categories have been outlawed in the country since 1 July 2017." https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Mongolia
Week 4: Subsistence & Economy
Subsistence: “Thus, their food groups were predominantly milk products and a variety of meats. While the Mongols appreciated milk products, they didn’t drink fresh milk; instead they fermented milk from mares, making an alcoholic drink known as airag or kumiss. After women finished milking the cattle, goats and sheep, they would process the milk into milk curds, yogurts and airag. The usual beverages were salted tea and airag, fermented mare’s milk.” “
The Mongols had two main food groups—the white foods and the red. The white, of course, were the milk products. The red foods were meat, and Mongols ate meat from all of their animals. Meat was either skewered and roasted over fire, or boiled into stews and soups.
Whatever vegetables the Mongols gathered on their journeys also went into soups and stews. Usually, they could find wild onions and garlic, but tubers, roots, seeds and berries also went into the stewpot.”
Generally, the Mongols ate dairy in the summer, and meat and animal fat in the winter,
when they needed the protein for energy and the fat to help keep them warm in the cold winters. In the summers, their animals produced a lot of milk so they switched the emphasis from meat to
Women were mainly responsible for housework, milking animals, making dairy products,
cooking, washing, sewing, and nurturing children. Relative Status of Women and Men.
Unlike their counterparts elsewhere in Asia, Mongolian women historically enjoyed fairly
high status and freedom. Since fertility was valued over virginity, the Mongols did not place
the same emphasis on female purity as found in the Islamic societies in Asia.
Although women had legal equality with men under socialism, they were burdened
with the responsibilities of housework and childcare as well as their labor for wages.
The general nutritional health of your culture is focused Livestock raising, based on millions of heads of sheep, goats, cattle, horses, and camels. Alongside that they also use grains and vegetables. I do believe that would count as receiving adequate nutritional intake. Milk tea, wild fruit juice, and homemade alcoholic beverages are also popular among Mongolians. For their breakfast and snacks throughout the day, dairy foods include bread and butter. Locals always order pastry and fried bread for breakfast and lunch. The culture does not have a dependence upon any food item that is rare or difficult, most of the meals are meet based. to obtain Mongolian Food Culture And History - Asian Recipe (asian-recipe.com) Mongolia - Agriculture, forestry, and fishing | Britannica
Economic systems week 4
Does your culture produce any surplus in food items? Why or why not? Mongolia is one of the fastest growing countries in the world and has now been put under the spotlight by the United Nations Environmental Programme (UNEP). One of the biggest contradictions of our times, the shortage and wastage of food, will be targeted through a strategic programme that learns from Mongolia’s example. Crucially, Mongolia is one of the very few nations that do not waste food at any significant level. Mongolia: UNEP’s answer to food wastage - The Foreign Report
what do they do with that surplus? Every year, it is estimated that over one third of the food produced worldwide, totalling 1.3 billion tonnes, is thrown into the bins of consumers and retailers. Put into dietary language, the world’s largest regions are wasting between 400,000 (south and southeast Asia) and 750,000 (Europe) calories per person, each day. Mongolia: UNEP’s answer to food wastage - The Foreign Report
Does your culture exhibit specialization of labor? The Mongolian labor pool of nearly two million workers is generally educated, young, and skilled. Unskilled labor is abundant but shortages exist in most professional categories requiring advanced degrees or vocational training, including all types of engineers and professional tradespeople in the construction, mining, and services sectors. Foreign-invested companies deal with these shortages by providing in-country training to their staffs, raising salaries and benefits to retain employees, or hiring expatriate workers with specific skills and expertise unavailable in Mongolia. Mongolia - 9.2-Labor Policies & Practices | Privacy Shield
Does your culture use some type of currency? Mongolian official currency is Tugrug that was first introduced on December 9, 1925, at a value equal to 18 grams of Silver. However, it became the sole legal currency on April 1, 1928. Mongolia had coin currencies as well, but now they are no longer in circulation.Currency of Mongolia | What currency does Mongolian MNT? (waytomongolia.com)
Does your culture engage in trade through the use of currency, as ExportsSince the 1990’s revolution, the change in the state of Mongolian export reflects the change in the state of the political landscape. In accordance with the National Statistics Office, 81% of the exports were to Russia and 0.7% to China in 1990, and in 2018, 92% of the total exports were to China versus only just 1% to Russia. As of now, the main exports (as a percent of total exports) are coal (40%), copper concentrate (29%), gold (2%), crude oil (6%), iron ore (5%), and cashmere (5%). Mongolia Trade & Road To Market 2022 - Mongolia Business
Imports In contrast, as of 2018, the import is more evenly sourced from multiple nations compared to export with 34% of the total import coming from China, 29% from Russia and followed by Japan, South Korea, USA, and Germany. The main imports are industrial equipment (26%), fuel (19%), automotive (9%), electricity (2%) and the remaining imports are medicine, mobile phones, consumer goods, and food. Mongolia Trade & Road To Market 2022 - Mongolia Business
This is a huge positive effect of trade on your culture, allowing trade with Russia and china. The three Free Trade Zones are in Altanbulag, Zamiin Uud, and Tsagaannuur. Altanbulag free trade zone 500 hectares of land located at the Russian border and has been operational since 22nd of June, 2014. Zamiin-Uud free trade zone project is 900 hectares of land located by the main Chinese border crossing, and it was launched in October 2010, but not officially complete, yet operational. Tsagaannuur free trade zone is located at the western border with Russia in Bayan-Ulgii province, which covers 708.4 hectares. It is not currently operational yet, though several infrastructural investments have been made in the Tsagaannuur free trade zone. Mongolia Trade & Road To Market 2022 - Mongolia Business
Week 5: Marriage & Kinship
Describe the marriage pattern of your culture “monogamous, polygynous, etc.). Do they practice any form of cousin marriage? If so, explain. Within the domestic cycle, there is more importance placed on marriage than on birth or death. Mongols typically married young: for girls it was at age 13 or 14, for boys a few years later. Today Mongolian peasants marry in their early twenties and immediately start a family. Urban Mongols, especially the college-educated, delay marriage until their late twenties and, sometimes, early thirties. Except for urbanites, there is no dating tradition and marriages continue to be arranged. Premarital sex is common among Mongolian herders in the IMAR. Postmarital residence is almost exclusively patrilocal. Birth control is discouraged in the MPR and encouraged in the IMAR. Among peasants and herders, divorce is rare.” Kinship, marriage, and family - Mongols (everyculture.com)
How are marriage partners determined? Mongolian tribes even now employ matchmakers. They evaluate potential birdes-to-be with regards to compatibility. The man’s family unit often hires the matchmaker to find a suitable bride. They usually start looking for a wife when all their male kid reaches a clear age. Once the guy has picked a suitable star of the event, his friends and family will look for her hands.The bride’s parents need to first end up being notified with their daughter’s engagement. After the engagement is usually confirmed, the near future father-in-law welcomes the bride on the engagement formal procedure. The future father-in-law likewise presents the bride using a silver cup of milk. The bride’s mother in that case receives the silk bows, called a “hadag, ” through the future husband-to-be’s father. Mongolia Marriage Customs – VPSoM (dypatil.edu)
Does you culture practice any type(s) of economic exchange for marriage? When a young Mongolian man wishes to marry a young woman, he asks a matchmaker to send her sugar, tea leaves and pastern to her wrapped in a white handkerchief, symbolizing harmony, wetness, and prosperity. If the gifts are accepted, it means the girl's family agrees to the match. Soon after, the young man and his family will bring the girl's family gifts of hada, milk liquor, and sugar blocks, to make a proposal. It takes several proposals for the deal to be sealed. The marriage is set when the boy has delivered wine three times to the girl's house, and had it accepted. When the wedding date approaches, the young man sends gifts one final time to the young woman's house, including an entire cooked sheep, wine, tea leaves, and hada. The girl's family will entertain the sender and the two sides toast each other and sing antiphonal songs in celebration. Mongolian Marriage Customs (chinaculture.org) women in this culture are valued more.
The Mongolian language itself testifies respect for the exogamic rule. Mongols do distinguish between paternal links, conceptualised as “bone”, formed by the father’s semen, and maternal links seen as “blood” or “flesh” contributed by the mother. Mongols have always been concerned with protecting their ancestral heritage and still practice exogamy, believing it wrong to marry within the clan. Families once kept family tree charts, with names recorded within a series of concentric generational rings. However, family trees, aristocratic titles and clan names (oyag) were banned in 1925, labeled by the socialist regime as aspects of “feudalism.” In the Law on Culture, adopted in April 1996, the legislature decided to revert to the earlier practice of keeping family trees and using clan names, and regulations for this were issued in January 1997. Clan names are now recorded on identity cards and other official documents but otherwise are little used. Thus, Mongolian citizens have three names: a clan name; a patronymic (etsgiin ner), which is based on the father’s given name; and a given name (ner). Mongolia - Daily life and social customs | Britannica
What is the attitude toward homosexual relationships in your culture? Settlement in contemporary Mongolia is characterized by sharp regional contrasts: in the better-watered northern basins of the Orkhon and Selenge rivers, densities of population may reach 10 persons per square mile (4 per square km), but some desert areas are uninhabited. The population is concentrated in the north-central region of the country, which contains the richest pasturelands, the main crop area, the most industrial establishments, and the best transportation infrastructure. Mongolia - Settlement patterns | Britannica
What is the attitude toward homosexual relationships in your culture? Lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) people in Mongolia may face legal and social challenges not experienced by non-LGBT people, though there have been substantial improvements since the 1990s
Kinship
Families are typically fairly tight knit and interdependent. They are usually large, with four or more children. Mothers who give birth to five children or more are rewarded with an ‘honoured mother’ award. Extended families typically live near or with each other. This network offers extensive support to the family members. Mongolia - Language, Culture, Customs & Etiquette (commisceo-global.com)
The kinship system (i.e., relations governed by rules of marriage, filiation, and descent) was strongly patrilineal in the past, but its larger units, the clans and lineages, lost many of their functions to the Manchu administrative institutions. Among herders the ail, a group of households consisting of kin and nonkin that migrated together, formed a discrete social unit. The functions of the ail included mutual help in times of trouble, common kinship rituals (weddings, hair-cutting rites, funerals, etc.), and economic exchange (payment of marriage expenses). Within urban settings, situational use of kinship ties is preferred over other corporate forms of kinship. Kinship, marriage, and family - Mongols (everyculture.com)
No
Eskimo as the culture works to define the family line.
Week 6: Social & Political Organization
The culture is stratified. The structure of culture from man to woman to children. If it is stratified, what defines the social levels economics, gender, status, aggressive behavior, inherited status, child number Describe the stratification system of your culture. Is there mobility across status levels, and if so, how to you change your status? The culture does display this behavior by gender and status.
Political Structure To establish its identity as a democratic nation, in 1992 the government adopted a new constitution and established a free market economy, renaming the former People’s Republic of Mongolia as Mongolia to further demonstrate its existence as an independent democratic country. Under the new constitution, elections were held to appoint members to the State Great Khural, the parliament of Mongolia who were also responsible for electing into office the first President and Head of State, Punsalmaagiin Ochirbat. He held office until 1990 and was succeeded by three further Presidents until today’s incumbent, Khaltmaagiin Battulga, was elected to the position in 2017. Presidential candidates must be aged 45 or over, be a native born citizen of Mongolia and have permanently resided in the country for a minimum of the preceding five years. Presidential elections are held every four years and the candidates are nominated by those with seats in the State Great Khural. There are 76 seats in parliament which are filled by elections throughout Mongolia’s 21 provinces. The governors of each province are appointed by the Prime Minister. All citizens over the age of 18 and who are resident in the country are eligible to vote in Mongolia’s elections and the winning candidate in each district must achieve at least 28% of the vote to be successfully elected otherwise a by-election is necessary. In addition, at least 50% of the electorate in a constituency must have voted in order for the result to be valid. Political system of Mongolia (discovermongolia.mn)
presidential elections are held every four years and the candidates are nominated by those with seats in the State Great Khural. There are 76 seats in parliament which are filled by elections throughout Mongolia’s 21 provinces. The governors of each province are appointed by the Prime Minister. Political system of Mongolia (discovermongolia.mn)
First stage - This is the period of the formation of the legal system of the nation of Mongolians. The Great Mongol State was formed and conquered vast territories under the so-called Great Zasag Law (also known as “Vassa”) of Chinggis Khaan, the first integrated written code. The Law of the Yuan Empire became effective in the eastern part of the Mongolian Empire. Second stage - This is the period of the second integration of such laws as the Mongolian-Oirat laws, Khalkh Juram law paper, the Ministry of Statehood Affairs legal document related to Outer Mongolia adopted by the Order, and the Mongolian legal document adopted by the Order. Third stage - This is the Period of the formation and development of the modern system. The most important feature was the attempt by Mongolians to establish a national and socialist legal system with the aim of making the transition to industrial capitalism. Despite this, the fundamental character of the continental legal system remained intact. The Mongolian Legal System and Laws: a Brief Overview - GlobaLex (nyulawglobal.org)
Mongolia has been a pathfinding country since 2018. Over the years, all levels of Mongolian society have contributed to the fight against violence, from citizens leading protests in the capital to civil society organizations changing laws and legislature. The End Violence Fund is also supporting UNICEF Mongolia's program to improve government services for child victims, improve helpline reporting and referrals, and more. Mongolia | End Violence (end-violence.org)
Week 7: Belief Systems & the Arts
Religion- Religion “Historically, Mongolian Buddhism and Shamanism have been the two dominant religions in Mongolia with most indigenous Mongols adhering to these religions. During the peak of the Mongol Empire’s rule in the region, foreign invasions by the empire exposed the Mongols to Islam and Christianity. However, none of these religions managed to have a significant impact on the religious scene in the region. Religious practices in Mongolia were greatly suppressed during the socialist period in the country between 1924 and 1992. Later, however, with the emergence of a parliamentary republic in the 1990’s, religious practices were revived in Mongolia” What Religions Are Practiced In Mongolia? - WorldAtlas
As a religion, Buddhism is neither monotheistic nor polytheistic. There is no personal god or monotheistic creator God in Buddhism, as there is in Christianity, Judaism or Islam. Buddhism is a spiritual path based on the teachings of the Buddha, an ordinary man who attained “nirvana,” enlightenment or awakening, around the sixth century B.C. Is Buddhism a Monotheistic or Polytheistic Religion? - Synonym
Mongolia has a long rich history of ancient religious practices dating back centuries. From its early roots as a culture closely linked to Shamanism, to one with a growing Buddhist populace, the region has traces of its religious belief pervading the architecture, cuisine and lifestyle. The religious fabric of Mongolia The influence of religion on Mongolia (discovermongolia.mn)
Several shamanistic practices and nuances can be spotted by a keen eye. Practices like nature worship, meditation as well natural healing gently made their way into the heart of Mongolian Buddhism. Even today, across Mongolia, people from all faiths still worship the blue sky, an ancient Shamanistic ritual. Prayer flags offered are often blue, signifying the blue sky. Prayers and offering are made to cairns of stones, signifying the mountain and river spirits. Today, time strapped Mongolians wishing to pay their respects at these stones called Ovoos often resort to a respectful toot of their vehicle horns instead.The influence of religion on Mongolia (discovermongolia.mn)
Religion carries oral and written tradition passed down by many generations and places moral beliefs and rules of man to billions of people.
Art
Fine arts of Mongolia are famous for its incredible paintings. Cave paintings aged 3-8 thousand years and found in the Khoid Tsenkher cave, Munkhan somon of Khovd aimag, are considered the first works of art discovered in the territory of Mongolia . The history of art and architecture of the Mongolian Empire begins in the 12th century and at later times was influenced by other nations. The capital city of the Mongol Dynasty, Khar Khorum, was a magnificent proof of the glory and majesty of the Mongolian Empire. With the development of religious arts and architecture, in 16 to early 20th century, design of buildings acquired features of Buddhist temples. Many monasteries were built during this time. Works, that represents today's classical painting techniques, are U.Yadamsuren's "The Old Horse-fiddler", A.Senghetsokhio's "The Mongol Lady", B.Avarzed's "Uurgach" and Ts.Minjuur's "Caravan Guide". Visual Art of Mongolia (discovermongolia.mn) Modern Art A new social system which was founded upon the victory of Revolution in 1921 was focused on art works. Therefore art works of that time were dedicated to publicity of he new system. Since then Mongolian artists became acquainted with European paintings and began using both Mongolian and European drawing methods. In order to develop Mongolian art systematically specialised artists were prepared and there were established specialised agencies in Mongolia . In 1950s many genres of fine art, carpet and porcelain production were introduced and developed. During this period many artists and architects became very famous for their single thematic works, namely, painter O. Tsevegjav-animals, U.Yadamsuren-workers, N.Tsultem and G.Odon-history and everyday life, L.Gavaa-nature and an architect S.Choimbol-monuments etc. In 1960s there was a great change in the tradition of art-refusing to use linear perspectives, harmonisation of colours and colour endowments in every respect and began to use other techniques of painting as well as themes and contents of art were expanded. Famous artists of 1970-1980 are D.Amgalan who mastered xylography, M.Butemj, Ya.Urjnee, G.Soosoi, M.Chuvaamid who mastered monumental arts, S.Dondog, B.Chogsom, M.Tsembeldorj and D.Munkhuu etc. On beginning democracy in Mongolia since 1990 there has been a change in the social life and in the sector of arts and culture. As Mongolia expands its foreign relations, artists and architects of Mongolia are provided with possibilities of studying and creating abstract and impressionist arts which were unfamiliar to Mongols. Visual Art of Mongolia (discovermongolia.mn) Mongolian painting began to develop more than two thousand years ago from simple rock drawings. Uighur paintings of the 8th century prove that this art was flourishing in Mongolia and Asia long ago. Buddhism was the main theme of the painting. and it developed into a fine art form. B. Sharav is the painter who linked the old with the new in his art. The Mongolian way of life was depicted in his famous work "One Day in Mongolia " and various portraits. The traditional painting was influenced by European art. The Mongolian painters L. Gavaa, O. Tsevegjav and Ts. Dorjpalam are famous not only at home, but also abroad. They made a great contribution to the creation of new art based in tradition and trained several generations of painters. At present, new and different artistic trends are emerging, and creative young artists are developing the national art. Visual Art of Mongolia (discovermongolia.mn)
Hooliin Chor – The Mongolian art of singing: Hooliin Chor (’throat harmony’) or Khoomei, is a style of singing in which a single performer produces a diversified harmony of multiple voice parts, including a continued bass element produced in the throat. These singers may perform alone or in groups. Hooliin Chor is practiced today among Mongolian communities in several countries, especially in Inner Mongolia in northern China, western Mongolia and the Tuva Republic of Russia. Traditionally performed on the occasion of ritual ceremonies, songs express respect and praise for the natural world, for the ancestors of the Mongolian people and for great heroes. The form is reserved for special events and group activities such as horse races, archery and wrestling tournaments, large banquets and sacrificial rituals. The timing and order of songs is often strictly regulated. Mongolian Music | World Music Central Mongolian Musical instruments Are Morin khuur (horse-head fiddle), ikh khuur (double bass), tovshuur (lute), dombra (lute), yatga (zither), tömör khuur (metal mouth harp), khulsan khuur (bamboo mouth harp), numan khuur (musical bow) and the booglin (shaman mouth harp). Mongolian Music | World Music Central
the Mongol Biyelgee – Mongolian Traditional Folk Dance is performed by dancers from different ethnic groups in the Khovd and Uvs provinces of Mongolia. Regarded as the original forebear of Mongolian national dances, Biyelgee dances embody and originate from the nomadic way of life. Biyelgee dances are typically confined to the small space inside the ger (nomadic dwelling) and are performed while half sitting or cross-legged. Hand, shoulder and leg movements express aspects of Mongol lifestyle including household labour, customs and traditions, as well as spiritual characteristics tied to different ethnic groups. Biyelgee dancers wear clothing and accessories featuring colour combinations, artistic patterns, embroidery, knitting, quilting and leather techniques, and gold and silver jewellery specific to their ethnic group and community. The dances play a significant role in family and community events such as feasts, celebrations, weddings and labour-related practices, simultaneously expressing distinct ethnic identities and promoting family unity and mutual understanding among different Mongolian ethnic groups. Traditionally, Mongol Biyelgee is transmitted to younger generations through apprenticeships or home-tutoring within the family, clan or neighbourhood. Today, the majority of transmitters of Biyelgee dance are elderly, and their numbers are decreasing. The inherent diversity of Mongol Biyelgee is also under threat as there remain very few representatives of the distinct forms of Biyelgee from different ethnic groups. Mongol Biyelgee, Mongolian traditional folk dance - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO
Before the 20th century, most works of the fine arts in Mongolia had a religious function, and therefore Mongolian fine arts were heavily influenced by religious texts. Thangkas were usually painted or made in applique technique. Bronze sculptures usually showed Buddhist deities. A number of great works are attributed to the first Jebtsundamba Khutuktu, Zanabazar. In the late 19th century, painters like "Marzan" Sharav turned to more realistic painting styles. During the socialist period, socialist realism was the dominant painting style. Among the first attempts to introduce modernism into the fine arts of Mongolia was the painting "Ehiin setgel" (Mother's love) created by Tsegmid in 1960s. The artist was purged as his work was censored. All forms of fine arts flourished only after "Perestroika" in the late 1980s. Mongolian Culture, Religion, Traditions, Customs, & Art (selenatravel.com)
One thing to note here is that, the Mongolian artists have been creating beautiful and delicate looking wooden carvings from centuries. The ancient wood processing techniques assisted in the preservation of the wood – increasing its life many folds. Some of the popular wooden handicrafts made from many generations include traditional Mongolia Ger or the folk instrument Morin Khuur. The detailed and intricate handling of wood shows advanced skills of the artist. Traditional Mongolian Arts: Music, Dancing, Craft & Painting (travelchinaguide.com)
Week 8
Cultural Change Has your culture been affected by other cultures? Make sure you identify both the positive and the negative impacts. "The United States established diplomatic relations with Mongolia in 1987. Bordered by Russia and China, Mongolia describes the United States as its most important “third neighbor.” In 2019, the United States and Mongolia upgraded their bilateral relationship to a Strategic Partnership. After nearly seven decades of socialist one-party rule and close alignment with the Soviet Union, the Mongolian people supported a peaceful democratic revolution in 1990. Since adopting democracy, Mongolia has, as of June 2021, conducted eight presidential and eight legislative elections. The United States has sought to assist Mongolia’s market-oriented reforms and to expand political, cultural, educational, and defense cooperation" U.S. Relations With Mongolia - United States Department of State "The two sides are pleased to see that the traditional friendship between Vietnam and Mongolia has been continuously consolidated and developed after nearly 70 years since the establishment of diplomatic ties. Cooperation in the fields of politics, diplomacy, economy, trade, investment, agriculture, and education has been promoted by leaders at all levels and produced practical results" "They shared the view that in the context of complicated development of the world and regional situation, it is necessary for the two countries to strengthen their solidarity and enhance mutual trust, understanding and support" Vietnam treasures relationship with Mongolia: Prime Minister | Politics | Vietnam+ (VietnamPlus) “International trade should be based on basic principles, international rules, and international law. It should be fair and competitive. Whether it’s China or Mongolia or Australia, we all have our own interests in economic and national, and international co-operation. So, everything should be based on basic international rules and principles.” China relations: Wedged between China and Russia, Mongolia wants closer ties with Australia (smh.com.au)
Would you consider your culture to be healthy and thriving or is it danger of changing to the point of losing its cultural identity? yes my culture is on the up and up here is why, Over the past 30 years, "Mongolia has transformed into a vibrant democracy, tripling its GDP per capita since 1991. Primary school enrollments are at 97 percent. Infant mortality rate per 1,000 live births declined from 13.6 in 2017 to 11.6 in 2021, but maternal mortality rate per 100,000 live births increased from 26.9 in 2017 and reached 94.9 in 2021. With vast agricultural, livestock and mineral resources, and an educated population, Mongolia’s development prospects look promising in the long-term assuming the continuation of structural reforms." "Mongolia’s economic growth is projected to rise slightly but remain modest at 2.4 percent in 2022, with the rise mainly driven by the removal of COVID-19 related restrictions and a strong rebound in the agriculture sector. Rising private and public investments and household consumption are expected to support domestic demand. However, lingering border frictions with China, weaker global economic prospects, and higher prices of imports due to the war in Ukraine are expected to constrain the economic recovery"
"Mongolia's national poverty headcount rate in 2020 was 27.8 percent, 0.6 percentage points lower than in 2018. While estimates show that poverty in 2020 was slightly lower than it was in 2018, the COVID-19 pandemic has sharply slowed down the pace of poverty reduction. Simulations indicate that had the COVID-19 pandemic not occurred, the poverty rate may have declined to 24.3 percent in 2020, suggesting that the pandemic may have contributed to an increase in poverty by about 3.5 percentage points in 2020. The wide array of COVID-19 relief packages, including top-ups on existing social assistance programs, played a crucial role in preventing a rise in poverty between 2018 and 2020" Mongolia Overview: Development news, research, data | World Bank
What role does your culture play in the modern world? Does it have a strong influence or a weak one? "Today, Mongolia’s reach may be less grand; but while the country faces significant challenges both domestically and regionally, Mongolia remains poised to shape the modern world. Indeed, with the United States as its partner, Mongolia can overcome its obstacles and contribute to building a “free and open” Indo-Pacific. Tough Neighborhood" Can Mongolia Shape the Modern World Once Again? – The Diplomat
Bibliography
Mongolia geography, maps, climate, environment and terrain from Mongolia | - CountryReports
Race and Anthropology | Encyclopedia.com
Mongolia. Flora and fauna. Information for travelers. (legendtour.ru)
Environmental issues in Mongolia - Wikipedia
What did the Mongols do to survive in their environment? – WisdomAnswer
Mongols in World History | Asia for Educators (columbia.edu)
Mongolian alphabet | Language & History | Britannica
Is Buddhism a Monotheistic or Polytheistic Religion? - Synonym
Mongol Biyelgee, Mongolian traditional folk dance - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO
Political system of Mongolia (discovermongolia.mn)
Mongolia Overview: Development news, research, data | World Bank
Traditional Mongolian Arts: Music, Dancing, Craft & Painting (travelchinaguide.com)
Can Mongolia Shape the Modern World Once Again? – The Diplomat
Mongolia - Settlement patterns | Britannica
Mongolian Music | World Music Central
Mongol Women and their Social Roles - History (historyonthenet.com)
Kinship, marriage, and family - Mongols (everyculture.com)
Mongolian Culture, Religion, Traditions, Customs, & Art (selenatravel.com)
The influence of religion on Mongolia (discovermongolia.mn)
What Religions Are Practiced In Mongolia? - WorldAtlas
What Did the Mongols Eat? - History (historyonthenet.com)
Mongolia | End Violence (end-violence.org)
Mongolian Delegation Launches Project to Combat Gender-Based Violence - U.S. Embassy in Mongolia (usembassy.gov)
The Mongolian Legal System and Laws: a Brief Overview - GlobaLex (nyulawglobal.org)
Mongolia - Daily life and social customs | Britannica
Mongolia - Language, Culture, Customs & Etiquette (commisceo-global.com)
Mongolian Marriage Customs (chinaculture.org)
Currency of Mongolia | What currency does Mongolian MNT? (waytomongolia.com)
Mongolia Trade & Road To Market 2022 - Mongolia Business
Kinship, marriage, and family - Mongols (everyculture.com)
Mongolia - 9.2-Labor Policies & Practices | Privacy Shield
Art under the Mongols – Smarthistory
Mongolia - Agriculture, forestry, and fishing | Britannica
Mongolia: UNEP’s answer to food wastage - The Foreign Report
Hey David,
ReplyDeleteYour ethnography is very thorough overall. Reading about the imperative role of artistry among the Mongols and their status to the point of being appointed and paid by Kublai Khan was nothing short of captivating.
Good afternoon David, well done on your whole ethnography project, overall you did amazing on it I enjoyed reading about a whole different culture different from the one I wrote about but overall I think you got the whole culture and its background down! reading about how they adapt, their environment, genders and who has the dominant power and as well as who does what and etc, and it was very fascinating. I also liked the images you used and the ones for art were also amazing different arts as well good job!
ReplyDeleteDavid, my first observation of your post was that it seemed to be made up mostly of quotes from your sources. Quotes are great, but they shouldn't make up the majority of your work. You should only use quotes to *support* your own work, not to replace it. It looked like the quotes were only used primarily in the first part of the post, and you were careful to provide sources, so I was going to allow some leeway here.
ReplyDeleteBut as I began to read through your post, I realized that all of your post is essentially direct quotes from your sources, with only a few places where you have offered your own words. I would click on the provided link and what you had provided in your post matched your source, word for word. Even more problematic, you stopped using quotation marks, so it looks like you are offering these words as your own. They aren't. Effectively, you have created a post using other people's words, not your own.
The only thing that saved you from full-on plagiarism here is that you were diligent about posting your sources.
But this still isn't your work. You have just borrowed the words and work of others and patched it together into a post, and I can't give full credit for that.
I am allowing half-credit for your research efforts (which were remarkable). Deductions for failing to translate this information into your own words. Images are very good. This clearly took a long time to put together. I just wish you had spent that time putting this information into your own words so that you could earn full credit and steer clear of near plagiarism.
If you have questions about my reason for doing this, please email me.
Environment (8/15)
Adaptations (5/10)
Language (5/10)
Gender (8/15)
Subsistence (6/12)
Economy (7/13)
Marriage (7/13)
Kinship (6/12)
Social (5/10)
Political (5/10)
Violence (3/5)
Religion (7/13)
Art (6/12)
Change (7/13)
Formatting (12/12) - Full credit for formatting, bibliography and images.
Hi David, I enjoyed reading about the Mongolian. I found it interesting reading about the cultural change in this culture and how it's bordered by Russia and China. I really liked the paintings that you had chose for the art portion of this project, I found them really unique especially because they were made out of wood.
ReplyDeleteHi David,
ReplyDeleteI really enjoyed reading your project. I can tell you put a lot of detail and effort into this project and it really shows. Especially the culture section was extremely interesting. As well as the amount of sources you used are clearly shown in your writing so good job!!!!!